Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal
AMECJ

Design of sludge drying package pilot for removal of excess sludge in petrochemical industries: Heavy metals determination in sludge by polarography and atomic absorption spectrometry

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Mostafa Hassani 1, 2
Bahareh Azemi Motlagh 3

1 Department of Applied Chemis try, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University,South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

2 Member of the Research Council of Sablan Petrochemical Indus tries Company, Assaluyeh. Iran

3 Master of Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Resource and Environment, Science and ResearchBranch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.24200/amecj.v6.i04.315
Abstract
In this research, according to the high amount of sludge in a petrochemical company, an iron package type of drying sludge bed was made/designed with carbon steel. Then, the drying sludge pond was filled with layers of sand with different mesh sizes. The excess sludge from the sedimentation pond was passed over this bed, and the amount of sludge removed by the bed was obtained at %96. The values of heavy metal and microbial forms were determined using
the proposed method based on activated sludge after was tewater treatment. For the validation process, 10 mL of deionized water (DW) was mixed with 1.0 g of dried sludge with pure nitric acid (2%HNO3), and then the solid phase was filtered with the Whatman filter(WF). The concentration of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Mo,Ni, Co, Se, Zn) in the remaining solution of sludge (mg kg-1) and was tewater (μg L-1) was extracted/ separated based on sulfur-doped
graphene oxide adsorbent (SDGO) by solid-phase microextraction procedure (SPME) before being determined by the flame and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS; HG-AAS) which had similar range to the polarography analysis. The limit of detection(LOD), linear range (LR) and preconcentration factor (PF) for (As,Hg) and (Cd, Cu, Pb, Mo, Ni, Co, Se, Zn) were obtained (0.016μgL-1;3.3μg L-1), (0.05-10μg L-1;10-1000μg L-1), and 10.0 by HG-AAS and F-AAS, respectively.

Graphical Abstract

Design of sludge drying package pilot for removal of excess sludge in petrochemical industries: Heavy metals determination in sludge by polarography and atomic absorption spectrometry

Keywords

Sludge
Bed design
Was tewater
Heavy metals
Atomic absorption spectrometry
Polarography
M. Nasr, A.M. Negm, Cost-efficient Wastewater Treatment Technologies: Engineered Systems, Springer Nature, 385 pages, 2023. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-12902-5
H. D. Stensel, R. Tsuchihashi, F.L. Burton, G. Tchobanoglous, Treatment and Resource Recovery, Fifth edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 2014. https://www.mheducation.com/
Y. Liu, J.H. Tay, Strategy for minimization of excess sludge production from the activated sludge process, Biotechnol. Adv., 19 (2001) 97-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-9750(00)00066-5
P. Chudoba, J. Chevalier, J. Chang, B. Capdeville, Effect of anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge on its production under batch conditions at various So/Xo ratios, Water Sci. Technol., 23 (1991) 917-926. https://iwaponline.com/wst/article-pdf/23/4-6/917/112799/917.pdf
T. Kamiya, J. Hirotsuji, New combined system of biological process and intermittent ozonation for advanced wastewater treatment, Water Sci. Technol., 38 (1998) 145-153. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0801
L.A. Carrio, A.R. Lopez, P.J. Krasnoff, J.J. Donnellon, Sludge reduction by in-plant process modification, J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 57 (1985)116-121. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25042541
M. Berg, H.C. Tran, T.C. Nguyen, H.V. Pham, R. Schertenleib, W. Giger, Arsenic contamination of groundwater and drinking water in Vietnam: a human health threat, Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 2621-2626. https://doi.org/10.1021/es010027y
M.N. Hoang, P. Le Vo, T.V. Bui, P. Hung, Q.K. Ha, Health risk assessment of arsenic in drinking groundwater: A case study in a central high land area of Vietnam, IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth and Environ. Sci., IOP Publishing, 964 (2022) 012010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/964/1/012010
A. Ruczaj, M.M. Brzóska, Environmental exposure of the general population to cadmium as a risk factor of the damage to the nervous system: A critical review of current data, J. Appl. Toxicol., 43 (2023) 66-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4322.
D. Hou, J. He, C. Lü, L. Ren, Q. Fan, J. Wang, Distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd) in water and sediments from Lake Dalinouer, China, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 93 (2013)135-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.012.
B.R. Stern, M. Solioz, D. Krewski, P. Aggett, T.C. Aw, S. Baker, Copper and human health: biochemistry, genetics, and strategies for modeling dose-response relationships, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B, 10 (2007) 157-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937400600755911
K.F. Lee, E. Li, L.J. Huber, S.C. Landis, A.H. Sharpe, M.V. Chao, Targeted mutation of the gene encoding the low-affinity NGF receptor p75 leads to deficits in the peripheral sensory nervous system, Cell. 69 (1992) 737-749. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(92)90286-l.
F. Zahir, S.J. Rizwi, S.K. Haq, R.H. Khan, Low-dose mercury toxicity and human health, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 20 (2005) 351-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2005.03.007
M. Esteban-López, J.P. Arrebola, M. Juliá, P. Pärt, E. Soto, A. Cañas, Selecting the best non-invasive matrix to measure mercury exposure in human biomonitoring surveys, Environ. Res., 204 (2022)112394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112394
V.S. Tambat, Y.S. Tseng, P. Kumar, C.W. Chen, R.R. Singhania, J.S. Chang, Effective and sustainable bioremediation of molybdenum pollutants from wastewaters by potential microalgae, Environ. Technol. Innov., 30 (2023)103091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103091
K.K. Das, R.C. Reddy, I.B. Bagoji, S. Das, S. Bagali, L. Mullur, The primary concept of nickel toxicity–an overview, J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol., 30 (2018) 141-152. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0171
S.N. Luoma, T.S. Presser, Emerging opportunities in the management of selenium contamination, Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (2009) 8483–8487. https://doi.org/10.1021/es900828h
M. Arjomandi, A review: analytical methods for heavy metals determination in environment and human samples, Anal. Methods Environ. Chem. J., 2 (2019) 97-126. https://doi.org/10.24200/amecj.v2.i03.73
B. Paknejad, M. Aliomrani, Is there any relevance between serum heavy metal concentration and BBB leakage in multiple sclerosis patients, Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 190 (2019) 289-294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1553-1
M.K. Abbasabadi, Nanographene oxide modified phenyl methanethiol nanomagnetic composite for rapid separation of aluminum in wastewaters, foods, and vegetable samples by microwave dispersive magnetic micro solid-phase extraction, Food Chem., 347 (2021) 129042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129042.
M.K. Abbasabadi, Speciation of cadmium in human blood samples based on Fe3O4-supported naphthalene-1-thiol-functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite by ultrasound-assisted dispersive magnetic micro solid-phase extraction, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 189 (2020) 113455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113455
Z. Karamzadeh, J. Rakhtshah, N.M. Kazemi, A novel biostructure sorbent based on CysSB/MetSB@ MWCNTs for separation of nickel and cobalt in biological samples by ultrasound assisted-dispersive ionic liquid-suspension solid phase micro extraction, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 172 (2019) 285-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.003
N. Esmaeili, J. Rakhtshah, E. Kolvari, Ultrasound assisted-dispersive-modification solid-phase extraction using task-specific ionic liquid immobilized on multiwall carbon nanotubes for speciation and determination mercury in water samples, Microchem. J., 154 (2020) 104632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104632
M.D. Mobarake, Ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid trap phase extraction based on functionalized multi wall carbon nanotubes for preconcentration and separation of nickel in petrochemical wastewater, J. Anal. Chem., 74 (2019) 865-876. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1061934819090090
N. Esmaeili, J. Rakhtshah, E. Kolvari, A. Rashidi, Rapid speciation of lead in human blood and urine samples based on mwcnts@ dmp by dispersive ionic liquid-suspension-micro-solid phase extraction, Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 199 (2021) 2496-2507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02382-7.
M. Bagheri Hosseinabadi, N. Khanjani, M.D. Mobarake, Neuropsychological effects of long-term occupational exposure to mercury among chloralkali workers, Work, 66 (2020), 491-498. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-203194
M. Habibnia, A. Rashidi, A.F. Zarandi, Simultaneously speciation of mercury in water, human blood and food samples based on pyrrolic and pyridinic nitrogen doped porous graphene nanostructure, Food Chem., 403 (2023) 134394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134394
J. Rakhtshah, Simultaneously speciation and determination of manganese (II) and (VII) ions in water, food, and vegetable samples based on immobilization of N-acetylcysteine on multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Food Chem., 389 (2022) 133124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133124.
A. Faghihi-Zarandi, Thiol modified bimodal mesoporous silica nanoparticles for removal and determination toxic vanadium from air and human biological samples in petrochemical workers, NanoImpact, 23 (2021) 100339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2021.100339.
F. Golbabaei, A. Vahid, A. Faghihi Zarandi, A novel nano-palladium embedded on the mesoporous silica nanoparticles for mercury vapor removal from air by the gas field separation consolidation process, Appl. Nanosci. 12 (2022) 1667-1682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-022-02366-0
R.I. Dick, P.A.Vesilind, The sludge volume index: what is it, J. Water Pollut. Cont. Federation. 41 (1969)1285-1291. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25036678
B. Nazemisalman, N. Bayat, S. Darvish, S. Nahavandi, M. Mohseni, I. Luchian, Polarography can successfully quantify heavy metals in dentistry, Medicina, 58 (2022) 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58030448
Jr. J. Smith, K. Young, R. Dean, Biological oxidation and disinfection of sludge, Water Res., 9 (1975) 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(75)90147-5
N. Miguel, J. Sarasa, Study of Evolution of Microbiological Properties in Sewage Sludge-Amended Soils: A Pilot Experience, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17(2020) 6696. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186696
Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal
Volume 6, Issue 4
AMEC Publisher
Autumn 2023
Pages 52-64