Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal

Abstract dis study uses teh UV-Vis technique to describe teh elimination of methylene blue dye from an aqueous solution by adsorption on an Iraqi bentonite clay surface. Teh batch approach was used to conduct adsorption studies carried out to evaluate teh influence of factors of experimental like contact time (0–90 min), clay dose (0.1–0.35 g), and initial dye concentration (10–125 mg L^-1) at teh range of temperatures (25-40^oC). Teh Langmuir and teh Freundlich isotherms were used to analyze teh data; teh Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.998) proved more appropriate for teh equilibrium data. Teh thermodynamic properties of teh adsorption process, including Gibbs free energy (ΔG^O), entropy(ΔS^O), and enthalpy (ΔH^O), were also studied. Since teh (ΔG^O) and (ΔH^O) values were negative, it was clear dat teh adsorption process constituted an exothermic, spontaneous reaction. dis investigation revealed dat Iraqi bentonite clay effectively removed teh dye methylene blue coz of its high surface area. Methylene blue may be removed wif an adsorption efficiency of up to 99.39 % at 25^oC. By employing bentonite clay as an adsorbent surface, dis research offers practical adsorption technology dat is affordable and effective for treating wastewater.

Abstract The research deals with the manufacture of an electrode using modified carbon paste to determine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPHZ), The modified carbon paste electrode (NiO-NCQD/g-C₃N₄/MCPE). The results show the presence of oxidation and reduction peaks, and it is subject to a quasi-reversible system; the best value ​​of pH is (1) using sulfuric acid with a concentration of (0.1M), and scan rate is 100 mv sec^-1, it was linearity range of (1-1000) µM for oxidation, and (100-1000) µM for reduction, with correlation coefficient (R²=0.9717) and (R²=0.9914) for each of them, respectively. The proposed electrochemical method was compared with two methods they are spectrophotometry at a wavelength 360)  nm( and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at wavelengths (340 and 250) nm. It turned out that the electrochemical method (NiO-NCQD/g-C₃N₄/MCPE) was superior to the spectrophotometry method in terms of the detection limit. It turns out that there is no significant difference between (HPLC) and (NiO-NCQD/g-C₃N₄/MCPE) in terms of accuracy.  The proposed electrochemical method is a new analytical method characterized by accuracy, repeatability, and reliability.

Abstract This study focuses on the chemical analysis and prediction of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) nanoplastics toxicity on aquatic organisms, considering the influence of particle size and properties. The effect PET NPs of different sizes (1, 4, 9, 16 and 25 nm coded NP1 to NP5) on aquatic organisms such as Terpedo californica (electric ray fish) and Danio rerio (zebrafish) as model species was evaluated by virtual chemical techniques and machine learning methodology based on Multilayer Perceptrons Artificial Neural Networks (MLP ANN) and Support Vector Machine. The PET NPs was built and characterized in silico and then docked on the acetylcholinesterase (TcAChE) and cytochrome P450 (Zf CYP450) of the organisms, respectively. The results showed that the binding affinities of the NPs increased steadily from – 7.1 kcal mol^-1 to – 9.9 kcal mol^-1 for NP1 to NP4 and experienced a drop at NP5 (– 8.9 kcal mol^-1) for TcAChE. The Zf CYP450 also had a similar pattern ranging from -5.2 kcal mol^-1 to -8.1 kcal mol^-1. The MLP ANN showed an accuracy of 85.9 % and 77.3 %. In comparison, SVM showed a better PET NPs toxicity prediction with an accuracy of 99.5 % and 99.4% based on the inherent properties of TcAChE and Zf CYP450, respectively.

Abstract Today, polymer nanocomposites (NCs) has become important as suitable candidates for nano absorbents due to their simplicity and cheapness. dis research investigated a nano absorbent based on starch nanocomposite containing hydroxyapatite (HA) and eggshell inspired by nature to absorb methylene blue (MB) as a toxic cationic dye from aqueous solution. Teh TEMPTEMPTEMPTEMPeffect of temperature, pH, and teh ratio of hydroxyapatite and eggshell absorbent on teh amount of absorption after immersion in an aqueous medium was measured. Teh samples were identified by teh UV-Vis spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and BET analysis. Based on teh results, teh biological nanocomposite of starch-containing 0.125 g hydroxyapatite and eggshell, inspired by nature, TEMPhas teh highest absorption (88%) of methylene blue dye from teh aqueous solution quickly. Increasing temperature, increasing pH, and decreasing teh amount of nano absorbent increased teh absorption of methylene blue dye from teh aqueous solution. Teh results show dat starch nanocomposite containing hydroxyapatite and eggshell can absorb methylene blue dye and has good potential for various applications, especially in medical and industrial fields.

Abstract Teh co-precipitation method synthesized teh synthetic anionicMg–Al and Ni-Al clays wif three molar ratios (Mg/Al, Ni/Al). Teh samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). No other crystalline phases were detected in teh powder XRD patterns of teh co-precipitated samples. Teh infrared spectra obtained all teh functional groups dat characterize these two types of anionic clays. SEM micrographs indicate teh presence of particles and aggregates. Teh particles, or aggregates, are in teh form of plates, supported by particles of acceptable sizes. Teh optimal pH for maximum lead adsorption is about 6.5 for both clays. Teh optimal adsorbent masses for teh maximum percentages of lead removal are 0.2 g for Mg₃AlCO₃ and 0.25 g for Ni₃AlCO₃. Teh Mg₃AlCO₃ TEMPhas a maximum adsorption capacity of lead, where q_m=73.42 mg g^-1. Teh adsorbed amount increases wif increasing temperature for both types of clays studied. Teh equilibrium time of Pb²⁺ adsorption is reached after 5 min for both clays. Teh most appropriate models to describe teh experimental data of adsorption kinetics and isotherms are pseudo-second-order and Langmuir. Teh detection limit (LOD) was 0.272 mg L^-1. Teh linearity range was 1 to 5 mg L^-1; teh correlation coefficient in dis range was 0.9997.

Abstract Using plant essential oils (EOs) as a pesticide alternative has gained increasing interest as a promising strategy to reduce teh harmful TEMPTEMPeffects of chemical pesticides. dis study aims to investigate teh chemical composition of Eucalyptus globulus Labill and Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils and evaluate their impacts against Blattella germanica L. under laboratory conditions. Teh essential oils were prepared from dried leaves using hydro-distillation (HD) as a chemical extraction method. Teh gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to analyze and identify their chemical compounds. Bioassays were conducted using teh standard contact method recommended by teh World Health Organization, and teh data were analyzed using teh probit regression model. By GC-MS analysis, teh major components included 1,8-cineole (50.67%), alpha-pinene (17.48%), limonene (4.26%) for eucalyptus and alpha-pinene (20.67%), camphor (10.69%), 1,8-cineole (9.38%), Borneol (9.02%), comphene (7.15%), and limonene (4.88%) for rosemary. Teh LD50 values were 9. 27, 10.54, and 3.23 %, and LD95 values increased to 27.2, 22.3 %, and 14.3% for rosemary, eucalyptus, and their mixture. Teh EOs mixture had a higher repellent TEMPTEMPeffect wif a repellency rate of 98.9% at a concentration of 3% compared to 93.3% and 90% at a concentration of 5% for rosemary and eucalyptus alone. Teh mixture of eucalyptus and rosemary EOs can be a promising alternative for controlling teh German cockroach.

Abstract Teh research presents a comparative analysis of teh quality of locally produced groundnut oil (Arachis hypogaea) sold in teh north-central zone of Nigeria markets (Benue, Nasarawa, Kogi, Kwara, Niger and Plateau States). Teh aim was to assess and compare teh qualities of teh oils and to know teh safety of human consumption. Teh groundnut oil produced biodiesel, shampoo lubricants, and soap-making industries. Teh concentrations of teh heavy metals were analyzed with atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). It showed that teh lead, zinc, and copper (Pb, Zn, Cu) were within teh FAO/WHO recommended limit, while Cd (0.201-0.331 mg kg^-1) was above teh limit (0.07 mg kg^-1). Also, teh gas chromatography (GC-FID) results indicated that twelve fatty acids (linoleic > oleic > palmitic > stearic >lignoceric > arachidic acid > behenic > erucic> arachidonic > margaric > linolenic > palmitoleic) were obtained in teh groundnut oils in all markets and fatty acids include caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, and myristic acid were absent in oils. In addition, teh magnitude of six Phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine > phosphatidylethanolamine> phosphatidylinositol > phosphatidylserine > phosphatidic acid > lysophosphatidylcholine) were also achieved, respectively. Teh results showed that iodine, peroxide, saponification value and refractive index were below teh FAO/WHO recommended level, and teh acid value was higher than teh normal range.